How Are Minerals Formed

Tata, SAIL JV to set up coal washery in Jharkhand

NEW DELHI: Tata Steel and SAIL's equal joint venture, S&T Mining Company, will set up a 1.8 million tonnes per annum (mtpa) coal washery at Bhelatand, in Jharkhand, through an investment of Rs 200 crore.

S&T Mining Company was formed with the ambit of joint acquisition and development of mineral deposits and mining of minerals, including exploration, development and beneficiation of identified coking coal blocks.

Washed coal has higher calorific value than unwashed coal and helps improved power generation efficiencies.

A source close to the development said a detailed project report has also been prepared for the proposed washery.

The SAIL-Tata Steel joint venture had earlier proposed to set up the washery at Malkera, but was forced to shift the site to Bhelatand because of the high investment cost.

S&T Mining Company was exploring the possibility of installing a 1.5-mtpa coal washery at a Rs 196 crore investment. The Terms of Reference for an environmental study on the potential impact of the project were also received from the Ministry of Environment and Forests.

Coal is washed to reduce the ash content and improve its calorific value. The average ash content in Indian coal is 35-38 per cent and washing helps reduce it by 7-8 per cent.

S&T Mining Company has also submitted a tender to Bharat Coking Coal for setting up a coal washery at Dugda.

The joint venture company is attempting to acquire and develop coal assets in India. It has been short-listed among 10 parties by Coal India for reviving the Navratna firm's abandoned coal mines.

It is also making attempts to develop Bharat Coking Coal's Bhutgoria mine. An investment of Rs 42 crore for development of the mine has been approved by the SAIL Board.

India does not have enough reserves of coking coal in qualities required for iron and steel making. Only 30 per cent of SAIL's requirement is met from indigenous sources and the remaining 70 per cent is met through imports.

State-run Coal India (CIL) recently said it plans to invest around Rs 2,500 crore to set up 20 new coal washeries with a combined capacity of 111.10 million tonnes to unlock the value of its sizeable, but poor quality reserves in the country.

CIL currently operates 17 coal washeries, out of which 11 are coking coal washeries and six are non-coking coal, with a total capacity of 39.40 MTPA.

Research on Oil and Gas Accumulation Characteristics of Yanchang ...

Jiyuan Area at the junction of the Shanxi-Gansu-Ningxia is the key exploration area to Changqing Oilfield in recent years, the achievements of oil and gas exploration in Yanchang Formation are plentiful, oil and gas accumulation of low permeability attracts people’s attention.on base of inclusions and diagenesis , the mechanism of Low permeability oil and gas accumulation was discussed. The study collected core samples, Grinded into inclusion slices, identified oil and gas inclusions in slices, proposed characteristics and time sequence of inclusions and diagenetic mineral generation, identified different minerals diagenesis Components by electronic probe and laser Raman , measured temperature and analysed laser Raman components of single inclusion. Based on geological analysis ,the relation between time sequence of diagenetic mineral generation and oil-gas migration to reservoir was researched, characteristics of oil and gas accumulation of low permeability were discussed.Through careful observation to the slices and identification of c minerals,it find that, diagenesis of sandstones in reservoirs of the study area Yanchang Formation are complex, diagenetic minerals are varied, and diagenesis have multi-phase and multi-type features. Of these, the most important and obvious features is that cementations were developed in the late diagenetic phase, which representation is that the albites, crystal calcites and muddy cements were formed and distributed. Crystal Calcites are generally distributed in double Double-crystal shape. Albites have two kinds,albite from plagioclases and self-albites,where large numbers of oil and gas inclusions are seen. It shows that the compaction has great influence to the porosity of low-permeability reservoirs, but does not affect the normal flow of oil and gas; early cementation has littte influence to the porosity, and dose not affect the oil and gas migration; a lot of albites, calciums And siliceous cements formed in Late cementation, reservoirs eventually became to dense layers, which affected the normal migration of oil and gas.There are three phases of fluid inclusions in No 4 +5 reservoirs in Yanchang Formation of JiYuan area. The first phase of fluid inclusions are Organic fluid inclusions with high homogenization temperature,related to Phase II fluid inclusions are non-fluorescent Organic fluid inclusions, which represent the early event of oil and gas accumulation and reconstruction; Phase III oil and gas inclusions have Fluorescence characteristics of hydrocarbons absorbed in pores, distributed in albites, calcareous and siliceous cements and other late cements, which has eventually led to become into dense reservoirs and low permeability reservoirs. This shows that dense reservoirs with low permeability formed in the same period of a massive injection of oil and gas.A large number of Albites are secondary minerals, which formed after environmental changes of fluids in pores caused by injection of oil and gas. Secondary porosities formed by dissolution of albites and calcites is the main space of migration and conservation of oil and gas Development of a lot of albites is a symbol of migration and accumulation of oil and gas ,is also a new symbol of the prediction to low permeability reservoirs in Yanchang Formation. Research show that oil and gas injected into reservoirs and changed the chemical properties of fluids in reservoirs, diagenic fluids in reservoirs precipited and formed lots of cements in the process of oil and gas injection, Reservoirs became to dense and low-permeability reservoirs, dense lithologic reservoirs also formed.

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